From: Andrew Johnson
Date: 2007-10-21 10:58:49
This was is the Geological Society of London’s Geoscientist magazine this month. Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth cites Kilimanjaro’s deminishing glacier as evidence for human induced global warming. Just to note: ‘sublimation’ is the process where a solid material will evaporate and become a gas without passing through the liquid state i.e. ice evaporating below freezing point — it’s not melting. www.geolsoc.org.uk/g… Geoscientist Online 12 June 2007 The snows of Mount Kilimanjaro inspired an iconic Hemingway story, but now its dwindling icecap is being wrongly cited as proof of human-induced global warming, scientists say. Ted Nield reports..Two researchers writing in the July-August edition of American Scientist magazine say global warming has nothing to do with the decline of Kilimanjaro’s ice, and using the mountain in northern Tanzania as a “poster child” for climate change is simply inaccurate. “There are dozens, if not hundreds, of photos of mid-latitude glaciers you could show where there is absolutely no question that they are declining in response to the warming atmosphere” says climatologist Philip Mote (University of Washington). But in the tropics – particularly on Kilimanjaro – the processes at work are far different from those that have diminished glacial ice in temperate regions closer to the poles, he believes. Mote and Georg Kaser, a glaciologist at the University of Innsbruck (Austria), write in American Scientist that the decline in Kilimanjaro’s ice has been going on for more than a century and that most of it occurred before 1953. Evidence of atmospheric warming there before 1970 is inconclusive. Sublime processThey attribute the ice decline primarily to complex interacting factors, including the vertical shape of the ice’s edge (picture), which allows it to shrink but not expand. They also cite decreased snowfall, which reduces ice build-up and determines how much energy the ice absorbs. The whiteness of new snow reflects more sunlight, the lack of new snow allows the ice to absorb more of the sun’s energy. Unlike mid-latitude glaciers, which are warmed and melted by surrounding air in the summer, ice loss on Kilimanjaro is driven strictly by solar radiation. Since air near the mountain’s ice is almost always well below freezing, there is typically no true melting. Instead, ice loss is mainly through sublimation – the same irritating process (whereby ice goes directly to vapour, without going through a liquid phase) that causes the ice-cubes in your freezer to shrink, so that when you finally need them for that must-have gin and tonic, there’s almost nothing left. Sublimation requires more than eight times as much energy as melting. Fluctuating weather patterns related to the Indian Ocean also could affect the shifting balance between the ice’s increase, which might have occurred for decades before the first explorers reached Kilimanjaro’s summit in 1889, and the shrinking that has been going on since. Glaciers in more temperate latitudes have declined sharply as the troposphere around them has warmed (the troposphere is the atmospheric layer from the Earth’s surface to about 10 miles in altitude). The best example of a glacier declining because of atmospheric warming might be the South Cascade Glacier in Washington State, perhaps the most-studied glacier in North America. Photographs taken by government scientists in 1928 and in 2000, along with detailed surveys, showed that the glacier lost half its mass during that time. Similar evidence exists for a number of other glaciers, Mote said. But in their analysis of already published research, Kaser and Mote say the same factors do not apply to Kilimanjaro’s icecap, even though its decline has been widely cited as evidence of global warming – for example, in the Academy Award-winning Al Gore film “An Inconvenient Truth.” “There is no evidence to support that assertion” Mote says. “It’s not that it is impossible; rather, the decline is most likely associated with processes dominated by sublimation and with an energy balance dominated by solar radiation, rather than by a warmer troposphere.” The volcano Kibo is the highest point on Kilimanjaro. A rough survey in 1889 suggested that Kibo’s icecap occupied about 12.5 square miles. By 1912, more than two decades before Ernest Hemingway wrote his masterpiece short story, it had dwindled to about 7.5 square miles. By 1953 it had shrunk to about 4.3 square miles and by 2003 it was at a little more than 1.5 square miles. The level of nearby Lake Victoria, the world’s largest tropical freshwater lake, also declined in the late 19th Century, when the decline of Kibo’s icecap began. The lake and the icecap likely suffer from a precipitation decline caused by Indian Ocean variability, which also could also have caused the icecap to vary in size and shape over millennia, Mote says. “It is certainly possible that the icecap has come and gone many times over hundreds of thousands of years” he says. “But for temperate glaciers there is ample evidence that they are shrinking, in part because of warming from greenhouse gases.”
